Distinguishing Between Species Migration, Invasion, and Evolution | CBCGDF Climate Change Working Group

Species movement across habitats can be categorized as migration, invasion, or part of the evolutionary process, yet these concepts are often misconstrued.

Migration is a natural, periodic movement of a species. It is usually a response to environmental factors such as seasonal changes in temperature, food availability, or breeding opportunities. For example, the annual migration of monarch butterflies from North America to Mexico is a well - known case. These butterflies travel long distances to find suitable overwintering sites.

Invasion, on the other hand, involves non - native species entering a new ecosystem and causing harm. They often outcompete native species for resources like food and space. The cane toad in Australia is a prime example. Introduced to control pests, it has multiplied rapidly and poisoned many native predators. 

Evolution occurs over much longer time scales. It is the process by which species gradually change in response to environmental pressures through genetic mutations and natural selection. A classic example is the evolution of the finches in the Galapagos Islands, where different beak shapes evolved to adapt to different food sources.

To accurately distinguish between these, we need to consider factors such as the origin of the species, the impact on the new environment, and the time scale of the movement or change.

 

Translator: Richard

Checked by Sara

Editor: Richard

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